Work Organization And Ergonomics
İÇİNDEKİLERContentsPreface Acknowledgements 1. Designing innovative workplaces .................................. Work organization and ergonomics ............................. The approach Both industrialized and developing countries can benefit The target enterprise....................................................... A flexible enterprise................................................... A quality-oriented enterprise................................... A participatory enterprise......................................... A customer-oriented enterprise................................ A healthy enterprise..................................................... A competence-based and committed enterprise ....... Action at different levels.................................................... At enterprise level...................................................... At department level...................................................... At workplace level........................................................ The audience ..................................................................... 2. Task analysis and work design.......................... Designing effective and satisfying tasks and jobs Definitions....................................................... Objectives in task and job design.................. Task description and analysis.............................. Task description..... .... Task analysis....... ..... Design of tasks....................................................... Workload ................................................................ Physical work................................................... Mental work ....... . Stress ..................................................................... Job design ............................................................. Management programmes for job redesign ... 3. Workplace design.................................................................. Designing workplaces................................................................ Importance of appropriate work environments ......................... Process for investigating and designing workplaces.............. Analysis phase Development phase ........................................................... Evaluation phase Sources of information......................................................... Recommendations on dimensions for population groups , Sample user data............................................................ Specific recommendations and guidelines...................... Key points for the design and layout of workplaces .................... Guidelines for the arrangement of workplaces..................... Guidelines for work seating ..... Guidelines for the physical work environment................... Principles and approaches to workplace evaluation and design Design for extreme cases....................................................... Design for adjustable range.................................................. Design for restricted or tolerance range ................................ Designing for an average value ............................................. Testing and evaluating workspaces.............................................. Fitting trials ............................................................................. User trials............. ..... Checklists...................................................................................... Redesign and participative procedures........................................ Design decision groups ......................................................... 4. Layout of equipment and production flow............... Production flow............................................................. The make versus buy decision ...................................... Basic approaches to manufacturing.............................. Intermittent processes............................................. Line processes ........................................................ Cellular manufacture ............................................... Kanban techniques....................................................... Equipment...................................................................... Numerical control (NC, CNC, DNC)...................... Industrial robots....................................................... Computer-aided design (CAD).................................... Advanced manufacturing technology (AMT)............... Tooling-based solutions ............ Reduction of set-up times ....................................... Change-overtime reductio .............. Layout............................................................................. The sequencing of production facilities..................... Cross charts ............................................................ Balancing the production sequence...................... Group technology clustering ................................... Matrix clustering ...................................................... Linear programming methods ................................ Human factors............... ........ Working together: Flexible work groups and multi-skilling The organizational challenge..................................................... Away from the traditional approach .................................... Job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment.................. Teamworking............................................................................ Setting up teamworking ...................................................... Solving the problems .......................................................... Middle management.......................................................... First-line supervision.. ...................................................... Training............................................................................... Organizational support........................................................ Different working teams at work.......................................... Autonomous working groups .................................................... Why an autonomous working group? Experimenting with autonomous working groups............. Features of autonomous working groups......................... Benefits and limitations of autonomous working groups ... 6. Well-planned buildings and premises .................................... Siting the industrial enterprise ................................................... Different types of factory premises ............................................ Individual offices or open-plan offices? ..................................... VDU workstations....................................................................... Artificial lighting and the VDU workstation .......................... Assessing the environmental factors in VDU workstations VDU workstations and techno-stress................................. Floors ......................................................................................... Floors, falls and accidents .................................................. Direction-finding systems for identification of workplaces Adapting worksites to workers with physical disabilities........... Worksite accessibility for workers with disabilities ............. 7. Strategic organizational issues...................................... Total quality management (TQM) ....................................... A new approach to total quality.................................... The two routes to quality management...................... ISO 9000: Systems and procedures........................... How to approach TQM ................................................. Implementing TQM.... Just-in-time (JIT) ................................................................. Implementing just-in-time............................................. Technological change......................................................... The technology choice: Must it always be high tech? Management objectives and technological change Work organization and human-centred technology .... Implementation guidelines 8. The next steps ........................................................................... Boxes 2.1 Rating of perceived exertion (Borg's scale).......................... 2.2 Ten guidelines on manual handling ....................................... 2.3 Checklist for design of control room operators' work in nucle 2.4 Basic work-related needs relevant to job design 3.1 Checklist for evaluation of any visual environment 4.1 Important facts in AMT implementation .................................. 4.2 Planning and involvement in AMT implementation ............... 5.1 Six questions to help in defining monitoring requirements 6.1 Checklist for assessing environmental factors in VDU worksti 6.2 Design guidelines for direction-finding systems........... ....... 7.1 Basic advantages of just-in-time manufacture......................... 7.2 Key messages for new technology introduction ............... 7.3 Consequences of distancing and complementarity........ 7.4 Guidelines for exploiting the potential of new technology 7.5 The skills of the change agent......................................... Case-studies 1A ABB, Sweden ............................................................................................... 1B Paper Products Ltd., United Republic of Tanzania ................................... 1C The Hay Employee Attitude Study............................................................. 1D Lucas Aerospace Participatory Approach ................................................. 2A Construction work ......................................................................................... 2B Anti-stress programmes.............................................................................. 2C Electronics assembly................................................................................. 3A Work conditions and health issues in VDT use ........................................... 3B Ergonomic improvements through workers' involvement............................. 3C A packaging workstation: Lessons learned the hard way............................ 4A "Focusing" production in an electronic company ......................................... 4B Group technology at Northrop Aircraft......................................................... 4C Experimenting with Kanban techniques at 3M, Minnesota ........................... 4D Integrated man-machine system at Detroit Diesel Allison in Indianapolis .... 4E "Discrete" use of technology at a Toyota plant.............................................. 4F "Discrete" use of technology at the Tektronix plant in Oregon ..................... 5A Introduction of job rotation in a factory producing plastic goods in the Philippines 5B Job enrichment at Pechiney group - France ................................................. 5C Teamworking at Express Tanzania Ltd ....................................................... 5D Teamworking at Opel ..................................................................................... 5E Semi-autonomous working group at Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. in India 5F Autonomous working groups at SKF-D3 Plant in Gothenburg, Sweden ...... 5G High performance working groups at Digital Equipment Corporation.......... 7A Just-in-time: The philosophy of working properly ......................................... 7B Technology in manufacturing........................................................................ 7C New technology in biscuit making................................................................ Figures 1.1 A healthy company and its main elements 2.1 Interactions in work redesign: Principles of ergonomics...................... 2.2 Dynamic and static work muscular effort.............................................. 2.3 Body part discomfort diagram .............................................................. 2.4 OWAS method: Classification of work postures.................................. 2.5 OWAS method: Action categories for work posture combinations..... 2.6 Factors involved in the perception and experience of stress.............. 2.7 The job characteristics model.............................................................. 3.1 Effects of the working environment...................................... 3.2 Dimensions for the adult population in the United Kingdom ............... 3.3 Indication of changes in workplace height for different types of work 3.4 Seat height for a work height of 105 cm ............................................... 4.1 Approaches to manufacturing............................................................... 4.2 The performance of different approaches to manufacturing.............. 4.3 The elements of an MRP11 system......................................................... 4.4 The Kanban concept............................................................................ 4.5 The man-machine environment.................................................................... 4.6 The four steps to set-up time reduction....................................................... 4.7 Identification of problem areas by reducing work-in-progress (WIP)........... 4.8 Precedence diagram of work elements .......................................................... 4.9 Allocation of 21 elements to 4 workstations ................................................... 5.1 Job rotation: People move at predetermined intervals from one task to another...................................................................................................... 5.2 Job enlargement: Each person is given more tasks to perform, typically at the same level of work, so this is also known as horizontal enlargement ..... 5.3 Job enrichment.............................................................................................. 5.4 The autonomous group and the devolution of responsibilities.................... 6.1 Positioning of standard (non-VDU) workstations closer to the windows. VDU workstations are distributed in rows, but far from the windows. In all cases, workstations neither face nor back on to the windows .............. 6.2 Distribution of VDU workstations and standard workstations when one set of windows faces south and two adjoining walls contain windows. Curtains may also be needed on the east fagade......................................... 6.3 Recommended position of VDU and standard workstations when there is a profusion of windows in three facades ................................. 6.4 Occupational requirements checklist for workers with disabilities 6.5 Handrail dimensions for workers with disabilities........................................... 6.6 Ramp requirements for workers with disabilities......................................... 6.7 Entrance requirements for workers with disabilities .................................... 6.8 Parking spaces for workers with disabilities ................................................... 6.9 Lifts (elevators) for workers with disabilities ................................................ 6.10 Doors for workers with disabilities ................................................................ 6.11 Control units for workers with disabilities ...................................................... 6.12 Lavatory dimensions for workers with disabilities ...................................... 7.1 Technical change: An organization's decision process ............................ 8.1 Designing for quality work Tables 2.1 Initial task analysis . 2.2 Processes used by people when doing jobs, and some points on how performance may be improved................................................................... 2.3 Operator postures that will lead to health (and efficiency) problems ........ 2.4 OWAS method: Action categories for work postures............................. 2.5 Checklist of stress hazards ......................................................................... 2.6 A framework for job redesign: Variables and propositions ........................ 2.7 Monitoring and intervention programme .................................................... 3.1 Ergonomics design data and examples of their use .................................. 3.2 A workplace and work environment questionnaire .................................... 3.3 Part of a checklist used on an ergonomics training course for improving working conditions and productivity in small enterprises .......................... 4.1 Main areas of optional choice,by technical system................................. 4.2 Robot applications checklist.................................................................. 4.3(a) An example of "from-to" chart: Situation before change............................ 4.3(b) An example of "from-to" chart: Situation after change............................. 4.4 Tabular representation of data in figure 4.8 ................................................ 4.5(a) First stage of conversion ........................................................................... 4.5(b) Second stage of conversion ..................................................................... 4.5(c) Final stage of conversion ................................................................... 4.6 Matrix clustering ................................................................................. 5.1 Management changes with teamworking......................................... 5.2 The changing role of first-level supervision ....................................... 6.1 An example of a design process in which the social, human and environmental factors are considered ............................................... 6.2 Traditional partitioned offices versus open-plan office ...................... 6.3 Floor characteristics..... 6.4 Testing of different floor covering..................................................... 7.1 Contrasts in managing for quality.................................................... 7.2 Applications of information technology relevant to business succes  |
